Saturday, December 26, 2015
Monday, December 21, 2015
Neanderthals were nifty at controlling fire, according to CU-Boulder researcher
Neanderthals were nifty at controlling fire, according to CU-Boulder researcher March 14, 2011 • Social Sciences • Discovery & Innovation A new study involving the University of Colorado Boulder shows clear evidence of the continuous control of fire by Neanderthals in Europe dating back roughly 400,000 years, yet another indication that they weren't dimwitted brutes as often portrayed. The conclusion comes from the study of scores of ancient archaeological research sites in Europe that show convincing evidence of long-term fire control by Neanderthals, said Paola Villa, a curator at the University of Colorado Museum of Natural History. Villa co-authored a paper on the new study with Professor Wil Roebroeks of Leiden University in the Netherlands. "Until now, many scientists have thought Neanderthals had some fires but did not have continuous use of fire," said Villa. "We were not expecting to find a record of so many Neanderthal sites exhibiting such good evidence of the sustained use of fire over time." A paper on the subject was published in the March 14 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Neanderthals are thought to have evolved in Europe roughly 400,000 to 500,000 years ago and went extinct about 30,000 years ago. Neanderthals ranged over much of Europe and stretched to Central Asia. Neanderthals were stockier than anatomically modern humans and even shared the same terrain for a time, and there is evidence that contemporary humans carry a small amount of Neanderthal DNA. Modern humans began migrating out of Africa to Europe some 40,000 years ago. Archaeologists consider the emergence of stone tool manufacturing and the control of fire as the two hallmark events in the technological evolution of early humans. While experts agree the origins of stone tools date back at least 2.5 million years in Africa, the origin of fire control has been a prolonged and heated debate. Villa and Roebroeks, who together speak and read six languages, have visited or worked at dozens of the Neanderthal excavation sites in Europe. They also combed libraries throughout Europe and the United States for research papers on evidence for early fire use in Europe, contacting researchers involved in the excavations when possible for additional information and insight. As part of the study they created a database of 141 potential fireplace sites in Europe dating from 1.2 million years ago to 35,000 years ago, assigning an index of confidence to each site. Evidence for the sustained use of fire includes the presence of charcoal, heated stone artifacts, burned bones, heated sediments, hearths and rough dates obtained from heated stone artifacts. Sites with two or more of the characteristics were interpreted as solid evidence for the control of fire by the inhabitants. The second major finding in the PNAS study -- perhaps even more surprising than the first -- was that Neanderthal predecessors pushed into Europe's colder northern latitudes more than 800,000 years ago without the habitual control of fire, said Roebroecks. Archaeologists have long believed the control of fire was necessary for migrating early humans as a way to reduce their energy loss during winters when temperatures plunged below freezing and resources became more scarce. "This confirms a suspicion we had that went against the opinions of most scientists, who believed it was impossible for humans to penetrate into cold, temperate regions without fire," Villa said. Recent evidence from an 800,000-year-old site in England known as Happisburgh indicates hominids -- likely Homo heidelbergenis, the forerunner of Neanderthals -- adapted to chilly environments in the region without fire, Roebroeks said. The simplest explanation is that there was no habitual use of fire by early humans prior to roughly 400,000 years ago, indicating that fire was not an essential component of the behavior of the first occupants of Europe's northern latitudes, said Roebroeks. "It is difficult to imagine these people occupying very cold climates without fire, yet this seems to be the case." While the oldest traces of human presence in Europe date to more than 1 million years ago, the earliest evidence of habitual Neanderthal fire use comes from the Beeches Pit site in England dating to roughly 400,000 years ago, said Villa. The site contained scattered pieces of heated flint, evidence of burned bones at high temperatures, and individual pockets of previously heated sediments. Neanderthals, like other early humans, created and used a unique potpourri of stone tools, evidence that they were the ancient inhabitants of particular sites in Europe. The sites catalogued by the team were dated by several methods, including electron spin resonance, paleomagnetism and thermoluminescence. Some research teams also have used microscopic studies of sediment at sites to confirm the presence of ashes. While some of the best evidence for controlled use of fire in Europe comes from caves, there are many open-air sites with solid evidence of controlled fire, they said. According to Villa, one of the most spectacular uses of fire by Neanderthals was in the production of a sticky liquid called pitch from the bark of birch trees that was used by Neanderthals to haft, or fit wooden shafts on, stone tools. Since the only way to create pitch from the trees is to burn bark peels in the absence of air, archaeologists surmise Neanderthals dug holes in the ground, inserted birch bark peels, lit them and covered the hole tightly with stones to block incoming air. "This means Neanderthals were not only able to use naturally occurring adhesive gums as part of their daily lives, they were actually able to manufacture their own," Villa said. "For those who say Neanderthals did not have elevated mental capacities, I think this is good evidence to the contrary." Many archaeologists believe Neanderthals and other early hominids struck pieces of flint with chunks of iron pyrite to create the sparks that made fire and may well have conserved and transported fire from site to site. Some anthropologists have proposed that Neanderthals became extinct because their cognitive abilities were inferior, including a lack of long-term planning, said Villa. But the archaeological record shows Neanderthals drove herds of big game animals into dead-end ravines and ambushed them, as evidenced by repeatedly used kill sites -- a sign of long-term planning and coordination among hunters, she said. Recent findings have even indicated Neanderthals were cooking, as evidenced by tiny bits of cooked plant material recovered from their teeth. - See more at: http://www.colorado.edu/news/releases/2011/03/14/neanderthals-were-nifty-controlling-fire-according-cu-boulder-researcher#sthash.VIbYi9Xt.dpuf
Saturday, December 19, 2015
Thursday, December 17, 2015
Gospel of the Queen.
Informational
Sources for the worship and study of Diana the Queen of the Witches.
Books
The Book of Ways (Volumes 1 & 2)
1981 & 1982
The Book of the Holy Strega 1981
The Teachings of the Holy Strega
(1991 reprint, new Intro)
Whispers, teachings of the Old
Religion of Italy 1991
The Aridian System, an introduction
to Italian Witchcraft.
Aradia,
or the Gospel of the Witches by Charles Godfrey Leland 1899.
Wednesday, December 16, 2015
Breaking the Glasses: #IStandByJack
Breaking the Glasses: #IStandByJack: After months of David Futrelle producing and promoting inflammatory false frames and lies about the men's rights movement, A Voice For...
Breaking the Glasses: #IStandByJack update 2: Futrelle's Magic Fainting ...
Breaking the Glasses: #IStandByJack update 2: Futrelle's Magic Fainting ...: In a recent post I described David Futrelle 's sniveling cowardice and melodramatic damseling over a father's response to the resul...
Breaking the Glasses: How should rape be defined?
Breaking the Glasses: How should rape be defined?: Recent discussion on reddit led me back to an old comment I made in response to the assertion of another commenter in defense of feminist r...
The triple aspect of the great Horned One, toxic femininity and Male health. part 1
This is a systemic issue that has been
growing and maintained by the gynocentric western world. Remember the attitude
of “women and children first” and male lives are disposable and any discussion
of male issues is misogyny and any time we are allowed to discuss masculinity
is in the frame work of “toxic masculinity.”
feminism’s hatred of Christianity and that
fact that feminism and wicca which are the same thing has removed the Father
God (The Great Horned one)! And let me stop here and say emphatically
“feminism” has nothing to do with women or women’s rights and is nothing but a
Marxist hate group and wicca is feminism packaged in a glittery gynocentric
religious ideology and well in for a penny in for a pound the Goddess is and
will never be a single welfare mother! That said we Witches are moving to a
more balanced way of seeing our Religion and the world around us. The mental
and physical health of men and a better understanding of our Horned Father God
is essential to our people. But I think it’s very telling that a post about the
Horned God we are still focused on women and that is because once we remove the
Goddess from her God we like wicca and it’s toxic
femininity (women's mysteries) we failed.
We know so much about the mental, physical
and spiritual health of women but know nothing about our own Father God and
ourselves, our Sons our Brothers our lovers! In almost all culture 78% of
suicides are men and in the western world feminists openly celebrate the male
suicide rate! Christianity is a toothless entity and poses little threat but
feminism, wicca, christian witches and well the whole of the pagan community is
the biggest problem to us Witches from what I see…
The Son, Father and Sage as far as I know
is new to Witchcraft, in many tradition the Father God (the King) is sacrificed
or sacrifices himself for the good of his children. So I’m not sure where the
triple aspect of the God comes in to play as far as mythology and religious
practice but it’s going to be most exciting to see!
On a personal note I’m so glad to be back
on the blog after all this time I miss you all and missed having a good rant!
Tuesday, December 15, 2015
Museum of Witchcraft Diary: New homes for old and loved objects
Museum of Witchcraft Diary: New homes for old and loved objects: Yesterday was a busy day at the Museum. While the builders cracked on upstairs clearing the top gallery, Judith and Peter worked on the exi...
Friday, December 11, 2015
Thursday, January 29, 2015
Wednesday, January 28, 2015
Tuesday, January 20, 2015
Thursday, January 15, 2015
Monday, January 12, 2015
You will not kill off the Horned One!
Many videos on this blog which are not Witchcraft but are very important to Witchcraft and our community, we Witches are fighting the man hate that wicca is all about. Wicca is nothing more then feminism repackage as phony religion.
The men's rights movement is not Witchcraft but we Witches and our community continue to benefit from works of these brave men and women of the MRA community.
Good book!
Just
got our “new” used book in the mail! “The Mummies of Urumchi”
by Elizabeth Wayland Barber. This book was $35.00 new but cost me
$7.00 used. This is what your donations are going to, building a
library for the Temple of the crossroads and the broomstick alliance
of CNY.
Your
donations are making it possible for the members of the old religion
to fight against the hatred and ignorance of wicca and the dregs of
the pagan community.
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Friday, January 2, 2015
The tarim mummies by J.P. Mallory and Victor H. Mair, a must read for us Witches. It's a big part of our people's history! More proof of the ancient origins of the religion of Witchcraft! This copy was $50.00 NEW but I was able to get this copy USED for about $9.00, So please do your part to keep good books out of the land fills and buy used.
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